Reading guide
Torah, Tanakh, Talmud, and Midrash: what is the difference?
A clear guide to four essential terms in Jewish textual tradition.
In its narrow sense, Torah means the Five Books of Moses. Tanakh comprises Torah, Prophets, and Writings. Talmud records rabbinic discussions of law and its application, and exists in two main versions (the Babylonian and the Jerusalem Talmud). Midrash refers both to interpretive methods and to the works produced through them, whether legal or narrative in focus.
Torah and Tanakh
The Torah is the first section of the Tanakh. A printed edition of its five books is commonly called a Chumash.
Talmud and Midrash
The Talmud combines the Mishnah (oral law set down in writing around the 2nd-3rd century) with the Gemara (later discussion by the sages of Babylonia and the Land of Israel) in sustained legal, ethical, and narrative discussion. A classic printed page surrounds the central text with commentaries such as Rashi's. Midrash interprets biblical texts through several distinct collections and methods; midrash halakhah focuses on law, midrash aggadah on narrative, ethics, or theology.
Frequently asked questions
Is a Chumash different from the Torah?
A Chumash is a printed form of the Five Books of the Torah, often with translations and commentaries.
Is the Talmud part of the Tanakh?
No. They are distinct bodies of literature, although the Talmud discusses biblical texts extensively.
Sources
This guide is informational. Practices vary among communities; questions of religious practice should be addressed to a qualified authority.